Should Everything Be A Bar Graph?

# Should Everything Be A Bar Graph?
## Use <span style="font-size:50px">⇦</span> and <span style="font-size:50px">⇨</span> to navigate.
### Andy Grogan-Kaylor
### 2021-10-16

---

@import url('https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Montserrat&display=swap');
.title-slide { 
  color: #ffcb05;
  background-color: #00274C; 
}
.title-slide h1 {
    color: #ffcb05;
}
pre {
  white-space: pre-wrap;
}
h1, h2, h3 {
  font-family: 'Montserrat', sans-serif;
}
body { 
    font-family: 'Montserrat', sans-serif;
}
.author, .date {
  font-family: 'Montserrat', sans-serif;
}

</style>

# How To Navigate This Presentation

* Use the <span style="font-size:100px">&#8678;</span> and <span style="font-size:100px">&#8680;</span> keys to move through the presentation.
* Press *o* for *panel overview*.
* This presentation plays a *tone* when each new item appears. Turn the volume down if you find these tones annoying.

---
class: animated, slideInRight
# Introduction

There are many different kinds of data visualization. In the language of the `ggplot` package for R, there are many different kinds of `geom`etries that we can apply to data.

<div class="figure">
<img src="banner.png" alt="Multiple Geometries for Data Visualization" width="4002" />
<p class="caption">Multiple Geometries for Data Visualization</p>
</div>

However, after a number of years of working on data visualization, I have started to think about the advantages of bar graphs. While *not every visualization needs to be a bar graph*, it sometimes seems as though many data visualizations *would work well as a bar graph*.

---
class: animated, slideInRight
# These Slides

In this slide deck, I use the `ggplot` package to develop bar graphs with `geom_bar`, one of the bar graph `geom`etries. After building a basic bar graph, I apply many formatting ideas, most of which I have learned from the blog of Cedric Scherer ([https://www.cedricscherer.com/](https://www.cedricscherer.com/)).

---
class: animated, slideInRight
# Simulate Some Data

```r
N = 30

group <- c(rep("A", N), 
           rep("B", N), 
           rep("C", N)) # group variable

# mycount <- c(10, 20, 50) # count in each group

outcome <- c(rep(rnorm(N, 10, 1)),
            rep(rnorm(N, 20, 1)),
            rep(rnorm(N, 15, 1)))

mydata <- data.frame(group, outcome) # make a data frame
```

---
class: animated, slideInRight
# Replay The Data

```r
head(mydata) # show the top of the data
```

```
  group   outcome
1     A 10.326064
2     A 11.165971
3     A  9.267804
4     A 11.133150
5     A 10.812310
6     A  8.227487
```

---
class: animated, slideInRight
# Call The Library

```r
library(ggplot2) # call the library
```

---
class: animated, slideInRight
# Set Up The "Logic" Of The Plot

```r
p0 <- ggplot(mydata, # the data I am using
       aes(x = group, # x is the group
           y = outcome)) # y is the mean outcome in each group
```

---
class: animated, slideInRight
# Basic Bar Graph

```r
p0 + # basic plot
  geom_bar(stat = "summary", 
           fun = "mean") # bars with group means
```

---
class: animated, slideInRight
# Bar Graph With Color Fill

---

```r
p0 +
  geom_bar(
    aes(
    ),
    stat = "summary",
    fun = "mean")  # bars with group means
```
]
 
.panel2-graph1-non_seq[
<img src="index_files/figure-html/graph1_non_seq_01_output-1.png" width="432" />
]

---
count: false

```r
p0 +
  geom_bar(
    aes(
*     fill = group
    ),
    stat = "summary",
    fun = "mean")  # bars with group means
```
]
 
.panel2-graph1-non_seq[
<img src="index_files/figure-html/graph1_non_seq_02_output-1.png" width="432" />
]

---
class: animated, slideInRight, inverse, center
# Some Tweaks

---
class: animated, slideInRight
# Call Library For Better Colors

```r
library(ggsci) # science based color palettes
```

---
class: animated, slideInRight
# Calculate the *Mean*, *Minimum* and *Maximum* outcomes by group.

```r
library(dplyr) # data wrangling

mynewdata <- mydata %>% 
  group_by(group) %>%
  mutate(meanoutcome = mean(outcome)) %>% # mean outcome by group
  mutate(minoutcome = min(outcome)) %>% # minimum outcome by group
  mutate(maxoutcome = max(outcome)) # max outcome by group
```

---
class: animated, slideInRight, inverse, center
# Bar Graph With Tweaks...

---

```r
*ggplot(mynewdata,  # the data I am using
*      aes(x = group,  # x is the group
*          y = outcome))   # y is the outcome in each group
```
]
 
.panel2-graph2-auto[
<img src="index_files/figure-html/graph2_auto_01_output-1.png" width="432" />
]

---
count: false

```r
ggplot(mynewdata,  # the data I am using
       aes(x = group,  # x is the group
           y = outcome)) +  # y is the outcome in each group
* geom_bar(aes(fill = group),  # bars w/ color fill for group
*            stat = "summary",
*          fun = "mean")   # bars with group means
```
]
 
.panel2-graph2-auto[
<img src="index_files/figure-html/graph2_auto_02_output-1.png" width="432" />
]

---
count: false

```r
ggplot(mynewdata,  # the data I am using
       aes(x = group,  # x is the group
           y = outcome)) +  # y is the outcome in each group
  geom_bar(aes(fill = group),  # bars w/ color fill for group
             stat = "summary",
           fun = "mean") +  # bars with group means
* coord_flip()   # flip the plot
```
]
 
.panel2-graph2-auto[
<img src="index_files/figure-html/graph2_auto_03_output-1.png" width="432" />
]

---
count: false

---
count: false

---
count: false

---
count: false

```r
ggplot(mynewdata,  # the data I am using
       aes(x = group,  # x is the group
           y = outcome)) +  # y is the outcome in each group
  geom_bar(aes(fill = group),  # bars w/ color fill for group
             stat = "summary",
           fun = "mean") +  # bars with group means
  coord_flip() +  # flip the plot
  labs(title = "Group B Has The Highest \nMean Outcome",  # informative title
       x = "Group",  # better axis labels
       y = "Outcome") +
  scale_fill_aaas() +  # better color fill scale
  theme_minimal() +  # better theme
* geom_text(aes(label = group,  # label the bars
*               y = maxoutcome + 1),  # position the labels
*            size = 10)
```
]
 
.panel2-graph2-auto[
<img src="index_files/figure-html/graph2_auto_07_output-1.png" width="432" />
]

---
count: false

```r
ggplot(mynewdata,  # the data I am using
       aes(x = group,  # x is the group
           y = outcome)) +  # y is the outcome in each group
  geom_bar(aes(fill = group),  # bars w/ color fill for group
             stat = "summary",
           fun = "mean") +  # bars with group means
  coord_flip() +  # flip the plot
  labs(title = "Group B Has The Highest \nMean Outcome",  # informative title
       x = "Group",  # better axis labels
       y = "Outcome") +
  scale_fill_aaas() +  # better color fill scale
  theme_minimal() +  # better theme
  geom_text(aes(label = group,  # label the bars
                y = maxoutcome + 1),  # position the labels
             size = 10) +
* theme(legend.position = "none")   # turn off legend
```
]
 
.panel2-graph2-auto[
<img src="index_files/figure-html/graph2_auto_08_output-1.png" width="432" />
]

---
count: false

```r
ggplot(mynewdata,  # the data I am using
       aes(x = group,  # x is the group
           y = outcome)) +  # y is the outcome in each group
  geom_bar(aes(fill = group),  # bars w/ color fill for group
             stat = "summary",
           fun = "mean") +  # bars with group means
  coord_flip() +  # flip the plot
  labs(title = "Group B Has The Highest \nMean Outcome",  # informative title
       x = "Group",  # better axis labels
       y = "Outcome") +
  scale_fill_aaas() +  # better color fill scale
  theme_minimal() +  # better theme
  geom_text(aes(label = group,  # label the bars
                y = maxoutcome + 1),  # position the labels
             size = 10) +
  theme(legend.position = "none") +  # turn off legend
* theme(title = element_text(size = rel(2)))   # bigger title text
```
]
 
.panel2-graph2-auto[
<img src="index_files/figure-html/graph2_auto_09_output-1.png" width="432" />
]

---
count: false

```r
ggplot(mynewdata,  # the data I am using
       aes(x = group,  # x is the group
           y = outcome)) +  # y is the outcome in each group
  geom_bar(aes(fill = group),  # bars w/ color fill for group
             stat = "summary",
           fun = "mean") +  # bars with group means
  coord_flip() +  # flip the plot
  labs(title = "Group B Has The Highest \nMean Outcome",  # informative title
       x = "Group",  # better axis labels
       y = "Outcome") +
  scale_fill_aaas() +  # better color fill scale
  theme_minimal() +  # better theme
  geom_text(aes(label = group,  # label the bars
                y = maxoutcome + 1),  # position the labels
             size = 10) +
  theme(legend.position = "none") +  # turn off legend
  theme(title = element_text(size = rel(2))) +  # bigger title text
* theme(axis.text = element_text(size = rel(2)))  # bigger axis text
```
]
 
.panel2-graph2-auto[
<img src="index_files/figure-html/graph2_auto_10_output-1.png" width="432" />
]

---
count: false

```r
ggplot(mynewdata,  # the data I am using
       aes(x = group,  # x is the group
           y = outcome)) +  # y is the outcome in each group
  geom_bar(aes(fill = group),  # bars w/ color fill for group
             stat = "summary",
           fun = "mean") +  # bars with group means
  coord_flip() +  # flip the plot
  labs(title = "Group B Has The Highest \nMean Outcome",  # informative title
       x = "Group",  # better axis labels
       y = "Outcome") +
  scale_fill_aaas() +  # better color fill scale
  theme_minimal() +  # better theme
  geom_text(aes(label = group,  # label the bars
                y = maxoutcome + 1),  # position the labels
             size = 10) +
  theme(legend.position = "none") +  # turn off legend
  theme(title = element_text(size = rel(2))) +  # bigger title text
  theme(axis.text = element_text(size = rel(2)))  # bigger axis text
```
]
 
.panel2-graph2-auto[
<img src="index_files/figure-html/graph2_auto_11_output-1.png" width="432" />
]

---
class: animated, slideInRight, inverse, center
# A Last Tweak: Show The Distribution

This example moves beyond a bar graph.

---

```r
*ggplot(mynewdata,  # the data I am using
*      aes(x = group,  # x is the group
*          y = outcome))   # y is the outcome in each group
```
]
 
.panel2-graph3-auto[
<img src="index_files/figure-html/graph3_auto_01_output-1.png" width="432" />
]

---
count: false

```r
ggplot(mynewdata,  # the data I am using
       aes(x = group,  # x is the group
           y = outcome)) +  # y is the outcome in each group
* geom_point(aes(color = group),  # points w/ color for group
*            size = 5,  # size
*            alpha = .5)   # transparency
```
]
 
.panel2-graph3-auto[
<img src="index_files/figure-html/graph3_auto_02_output-1.png" width="432" />
]

---
count: false

---
count: false

---
count: false

---
count: false

---
count: false

---
count: false

```r
ggplot(mynewdata,  # the data I am using
       aes(x = group,  # x is the group
           y = outcome)) +  # y is the outcome in each group
  geom_point(aes(color = group),  # points w/ color for group
             size = 5,  # size
             alpha = .5) +  # transparency
  geom_point(aes(color = group,  # points w/ color for group
                 y = meanoutcome),  # mean outcome
             size = 20) +  # size
  coord_flip() +  # flip the plot
  labs(title = "Group B Has The Highest \nMean Outcome",  # informative title
       x = "Group",  # better axis labels
       y = "Outcome") +
  scale_color_aaas() +  # better color scale
  theme_minimal() +  # better theme
* geom_text(aes(label = group,  # label the groups
*               color = group,  # color labels by group
*                y = minoutcome - 1),  # position the labels
*            size = 10)
```
]
 
.panel2-graph3-auto[
<img src="index_files/figure-html/graph3_auto_08_output-1.png" width="432" />
]

---
count: false

```r
ggplot(mynewdata,  # the data I am using
       aes(x = group,  # x is the group
           y = outcome)) +  # y is the outcome in each group
  geom_point(aes(color = group),  # points w/ color for group
             size = 5,  # size
             alpha = .5) +  # transparency
  geom_point(aes(color = group,  # points w/ color for group
                 y = meanoutcome),  # mean outcome
             size = 20) +  # size
  coord_flip() +  # flip the plot
  labs(title = "Group B Has The Highest \nMean Outcome",  # informative title
       x = "Group",  # better axis labels
       y = "Outcome") +
  scale_color_aaas() +  # better color scale
  theme_minimal() +  # better theme
  geom_text(aes(label = group,  # label the groups
                color = group,  # color labels by group
                 y = minoutcome - 1),  # position the labels
             size = 10) +
* theme(legend.position = "none")   # turn off legend
```
]
 
.panel2-graph3-auto[
<img src="index_files/figure-html/graph3_auto_09_output-1.png" width="432" />
]

---
count: false

```r
ggplot(mynewdata,  # the data I am using
       aes(x = group,  # x is the group
           y = outcome)) +  # y is the outcome in each group
  geom_point(aes(color = group),  # points w/ color for group
             size = 5,  # size
             alpha = .5) +  # transparency
  geom_point(aes(color = group,  # points w/ color for group
                 y = meanoutcome),  # mean outcome
             size = 20) +  # size
  coord_flip() +  # flip the plot
  labs(title = "Group B Has The Highest \nMean Outcome",  # informative title
       x = "Group",  # better axis labels
       y = "Outcome") +
  scale_color_aaas() +  # better color scale
  theme_minimal() +  # better theme
  geom_text(aes(label = group,  # label the groups
                color = group,  # color labels by group
                 y = minoutcome - 1),  # position the labels
             size = 10) +
  theme(legend.position = "none") +  # turn off legend
* theme(title = element_text(size = rel(2)))   # bigger title text
```
]
 
.panel2-graph3-auto[
<img src="index_files/figure-html/graph3_auto_10_output-1.png" width="432" />
]

---
count: false

```r
ggplot(mynewdata,  # the data I am using
       aes(x = group,  # x is the group
           y = outcome)) +  # y is the outcome in each group
  geom_point(aes(color = group),  # points w/ color for group
             size = 5,  # size
             alpha = .5) +  # transparency
  geom_point(aes(color = group,  # points w/ color for group
                 y = meanoutcome),  # mean outcome
             size = 20) +  # size
  coord_flip() +  # flip the plot
  labs(title = "Group B Has The Highest \nMean Outcome",  # informative title
       x = "Group",  # better axis labels
       y = "Outcome") +
  scale_color_aaas() +  # better color scale
  theme_minimal() +  # better theme
  geom_text(aes(label = group,  # label the groups
                color = group,  # color labels by group
                 y = minoutcome - 1),  # position the labels
             size = 10) +
  theme(legend.position = "none") +  # turn off legend
  theme(title = element_text(size = rel(2))) +  # bigger title text
* theme(axis.text = element_text(size = rel(2)))  # bigger axis text
```
]
 
.panel2-graph3-auto[
<img src="index_files/figure-html/graph3_auto_11_output-1.png" width="432" />
]

---
count: false

```r
ggplot(mynewdata,  # the data I am using
       aes(x = group,  # x is the group
           y = outcome)) +  # y is the outcome in each group
  geom_point(aes(color = group),  # points w/ color for group
             size = 5,  # size
             alpha = .5) +  # transparency
  geom_point(aes(color = group,  # points w/ color for group
                 y = meanoutcome),  # mean outcome
             size = 20) +  # size
  coord_flip() +  # flip the plot
  labs(title = "Group B Has The Highest \nMean Outcome",  # informative title
       x = "Group",  # better axis labels
       y = "Outcome") +
  scale_color_aaas() +  # better color scale
  theme_minimal() +  # better theme
  geom_text(aes(label = group,  # label the groups
                color = group,  # color labels by group
                 y = minoutcome - 1),  # position the labels
             size = 10) +
  theme(legend.position = "none") +  # turn off legend
  theme(title = element_text(size = rel(2))) +  # bigger title text
  theme(axis.text = element_text(size = rel(2)))  # bigger axis text
```
]
 
.panel2-graph3-auto[
<img src="index_files/figure-html/graph3_auto_12_output-1.png" width="432" />
]