References
Kreft, I., & de Leeuw, J. (1998). Introducing multilevel
modeling. SAGE Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781849209366
Luke, D. (2004). Multilevel modeling. SAGE Publications, Inc.
https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412985147
Ma, J., Grogan-Kaylor, A. C., Lee, S. J., Ward, K. P., & Pace, G. T.
(2022). Gender inequality in low- and middle-income countries:
Associations with parental physical abuse and moderation by child
gender. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public
Health, 19. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191911928
Ma, J., Grogan-Kaylor, A. C., Pace, G. T., Ward, K. P., & Lee, S. J.
(2022). The association between spanking and physical abuse of young
children in 56 low- and middle-income countries. Child Abuse &
Neglect, 129, 105662. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105662
Ma, J., Grogan-Kaylor, A., Ward, K. P., Boyle, E. H., Chang, O. D.,
& Pace, G. T. (2025). Spillover of macro-level violence to parental
physical abuse of children in low- and middle-income countries.
Child Abuse & Neglect, 164, 107468. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2025.107468
R Core Team. (2023). R: A language and environment for statistical
computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. https://www.R-project.org/
Rabe-Hesketh, S., & Skrondal, A. (2022). Multilevel and
longitudinal modeling using Stata (4th ed.). Stata
Press.
Raudenbush, S. W., & Bryk, A. S. (2002). Hierarchical linear
models: Applications and data analysis methods (pp. xxiv, 485 p.).
Sage Publications.
Singer, J. D., & Willett, J. B. (2003). Applied longitudinal
data analysis : Modeling change and event occurrence. Oxford
University Press.
United Nations Development Program. (2022). Human Development
Index (HDI). https://hdr.undp.org/data-center/human-development-index#/indicies/HDI
United Nations Development Program. (2023). Gender Inequality
Index (GII). https://hdr.undp.org/data-center/thematic-composite-indices/gender-inequality-index#/indicies/GII
Ward, K. P., Grogan-Kaylor, A. C., Ma, J., Pace, G. T., Lee, S. J.,
& Davis-Kean, P. E. (2024). Interactions of gender inequality and
parental discipline predicting child aggression in low- and
middle-income countries. Child Development, n/a. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.14152
Wickham, H. (2016). ggplot2: Elegant graphics for data
analysis. Springer-Verlag New York. https://ggplot2.tidyverse.org