References

Abelson, R. P. (1995). Statistics as principled argument. In Statistics as principled argument. (pp. 221, xv, 221–xv). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.

Allison, P. (2009). Fixed effects regression models. Sage Publishing.

Antonakis, J., Bastardoz, N., & Ronko, M. (2021). On ignoring the random effects assumption in multilevel models: Review, critique, and recommendations. Organizational Research Methods, 24, 443–483. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428119877457

Aron, A., & Corne, S. (1994). Introduction. In A. Aron & S. Corne (Eds.), Writings for a liberation psychology. Harvard University Press.

Barr, D. J., Levy, R., Scheepers, C., & Tily, H. J. (2013). Random effects structure for confirmatory hypothesis testing: Keep it maximal. Journal of Memory and Language, 68(3), 255–278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2012.11.001

Barth, R. P., & Olsen, A. N. (2020). Are children oppressed? The timely importance of answering this question. Children and Youth Services Review, 110, 104780. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.104780

Bland, J. M., & Altman, D. G. (1994). Statistics notes: Correlation, regression, and repeated data. BMJ, 308, 896. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.308.6933.896

Blasi, D. E., Henrich, J., Adamou, E., Kemmerer, D., & Majid, A. (2022). Over-reliance on English hinders cognitive science. Trends in Cognitive Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2022.09.015

Burkner, P.-C. (2018). Advanced Bayesian multilevel modeling with the R package brms. The R Journal, 10(1), 395–411.

Burton, M., & Kagan, C. (2005). Liberation Social Psychology: Learning From Latin America Psychology of liberation: Learning from Latin America. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 15. https://doi.org/10.1002/casp.786

Button, K. S., Ioannidis, J. P. A., Mokrysz, C., Nosek, B. A., Flint, J., Robinson, E. S. J., & Munaf‘o, M. R. (2013). Power failure: Why small sample size undermines the reliability of neuroscience. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 14, 365–376. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn3475

Caspi, A., Taylor, A., Moffitt, T. E., & Plomin, R. (2000). Neighborhood deprivation affects children’s mental health: Environmental risks identified in a genetic design. Psychological Science, 11(4), 338–342. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00267

Cesaire, A. (1956). Letter to Maurice Thorez.

Cokley, K., & Awad, G. (2013). In defense of quantitative methods: Using the “master’s tools” to promote social justice. Journal for Social Action in Counseling & Psychology, 5, 26. https://doi.org/10.33043/JSACP.5.2.26-41

Dalton, R. (2000). Como tú. In M. Espada (Ed.), Poetry like bread: Poets of the political imagination. Curbstone Press.

Deater-Deckard, K., Dodge, K. A., Bates, J. E., & Pettit, G. S. (1996). Physical discipline among African American and European American mothers: Links to children’s externalizing behaviors. Developmental Psychology, 32(6), 1065–1072. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.32.6.1065

Diener, E., Northcott, R., Zyphur, M. J., & West, S. G. (2022). Beyond experiments. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 17, 1101–1119. https://doi.org/10.1177/17456916211037670

Diez Roux, A. V. (2002). A glossary for multilevel analysis. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 56(8), 588 LP–594. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.56.8.588

Dove, R. (1999). The first book. In On the bus with Rosa Parks. W.W. Norton.

Draper, C. E., Barnett, L. M., Cook, C. J., Cuartas, J. A., Howard, S. J., McCoy, D. C., Merkley, R., Molano, A., Maldonado-Carreño, C., Obradovic, J., Scerif, G., Valentini, N. C., Venetsanou, F., & Yousafzai, A. K. (2022). Publishing child development research from around the world: An unfair playing field resulting in most of the world’s child population under-represented in research. Infant and Child Development, n/a, e2375. https://doi.org/10.1002/icd.2375

Duncan, G. J., & Gibson-Davis, C. M. (2006). Connecting Child Care Quality to Child Outcomes: Drawing Policy Lessons from Nonexperimental Data. Evaluation Review, 30(5), 611–630. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193841X06291530

Eamon, M. K. (2001). Poverty, Parenting, Peer, and Neighborhood Influences on Young Adolescent Antisocial Behavior. Journal of Social Service Research, 28(1), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1300/J079v28n01_01

Felitti, V. J., Anda, R. F., Nordenberg, D., Williamson, D. F., Spitz, A. M., Edwards, V., Koss, M. P., & Marks, J. S. (1998). Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults: The adverse childhood experiences (ACE) study. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 14(4), 245–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0749-3797(98)00017-8

Firebaugh, G. (2001). Ecological fallacy, statistics of. In N. J. Smelser & P. B. Baltes (Eds.), International encyclopedia of the social & behavioral sciences (pp. 4023–4026). Pergamon. https://doi.org/10.1016/B0-08-043076-7/00765-8

Frank, M. (2018). Mixed effects models: Is it time to go Bayesian by default? http://babieslearninglanguage.blogspot.com/2018/02/mixed-effects-models-is-it-time-to-go.html

Gelman, A., Shor, B., Bafumi, J., & Park, D. (2007). Rich state, poor state, red state, blue state: What’s the matter with connecticut? Quarterly Journal of Political Science, 2, 345–367. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1010426

Gershoff, E. T., & Grogan-Kaylor, A. (2016a). Race as a Moderator of Associations Between Spanking and Child Outcomes. Family Relations, 65(3), 490–501. https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.12205

Gershoff, E. T., & Grogan-Kaylor, A. (2016b). Spanking and child outcomes: Old controversies and new meta-analyses. Journal of Family Psychology, 30, 453–469. https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0000191

Gershoff, E. T., Grogan-Kaylor, A., Lansford, J. E., Chang, L., Zelli, A., Deater-Deckard, K., & Dodge, K. A. (2010). Parent discipline practices in an international sample: Associations with child behaviors and moderation by perceived normativeness. Child Development, 81, 487–502. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01409.x

Goldacre, B. (2011). Foreward. In Testing treatments (2nd ed.).

Gottlieb, A. (2002). New developments in the anthropology of childcare. Anthropology News, 43, 13. https://doi.org/10.1111/an.2002.43.7.13

Grogan-Kaylor, A., Castillo, B., Pace, G. T., Ward, K. P., Ma, J., Lee, S. J., & Knauer, H. (2021). Global perspectives on physical and nonphysical discipline: A Bayesian multilevel analysis. International Journal of Behavioral Development. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025420981642

Grogan-Kaylor, A., Ma, J., Lee, S. J., Castillo, B., Ward, K. P., & Klein, S. (2018). Using Bayesian analysis to examine associations between spanking and child externalizing behavior across race and ethnic groups. Child Abuse and Neglect, 86, 257–266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.10.009

Heilmann, A., Mehay, A., Watt, R. G., Kelly, Y., Durrant, J. E., van Turnhout, J., & Gershoff, E. T. (2021). Physical punishment and child outcomes: A narrative review of prospective studies. The Lancet. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00582-1

Henrich, J., Heine, S. J., & Norenzayan, A. (2010). The weirdest people in the world? Behavioral and Brain Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X0999152X

Hines, C. T., Kalil, A., & Ryan, R. M. (2022). Differences in Parents’ Attitudes Toward Spanking Across Socioeconomic Status and Region, 1986–2016. Social Indicators Research, 160(1), 133–158. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-021-02803-7

Holland, P. W. (1986). Statistics and Causal Inference. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 81(396), 945–960. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1986.10478354

Hooper, R. (2022). Designing Stepped Wedge Trials with Continuous Recruitment. Methods: Mind the Gap (Webinar Series).

Hurston, Z. N. (1942). Dust tracks on a road. HarperPerennial.

Khaleque, A., & Rohner, R. P. (2002). Perceived parental acceptance-rejection and psychological adjustment: A meta-analysis of cross-cultural and intracultural studies. Journal of Marriage and Family, 64, 54–64. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2002.00054.x

Kottak, C. (2021). Anthropology: Appreciating human diversity (19th ed.). McGraw Hill.

Kreft, I., & de Leeuw, J. (1998). Introducing multilevel modeling. SAGE Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781849209366

Lee, S. J., Ward, K. P., Grogan-Kaylor, A., & Singh, V. (2022). Anxiety and depression during COVID-19: Are adults in households with children faring worse? Journal of General Internal Medicine, 37, 1328–1330. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-021-07256-9

Lovelace, A. K. (1992). Ada: The enchantress of numbers: A selection from the letters of Lord Byron’s daughter and her description of the first computer. In Ada: the enchantress of numbers: a selection from the letters of Lord Byron’s daughter and her description of the first computer. Strawberry Press.

Luke, D. (2004). Multilevel modeling. SAGE Publications, Inc. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412985147

Ma, J., Grogan-Kaylor, A. C., Pace, G. T., Ward, K. P., & Lee, S. J. (2022). The association between spanking and physical abuse of young children in 56 low- and middle-income countries. Child Abuse & Neglect, 129, 105662. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105662

Ma, J., Grogan-Kaylor, A., & Lee, S. J. (2018). Associations of neighborhood disorganization and maternal spanking with children’s aggression: A fixed-effects regression analysis. Child Abuse & Neglect, 76, 106–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.10.013

Mangharam, M. L. (2017). Literatures of liberation: Non-European universalisms and democratic progress. Ohio State University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv16gff5b

Martin-Baro, I. (1994a). Public opinion research. In A. Aron & S. Corne (Eds.), Writings for a liberation psychology. Harvard University Press.

Martin-Baro, I. (1994b). Toward a liberation psychology. In A. Aron & S. Corne (Eds.), Writings for a liberation psychology. Harvard University Press.

Martin-Baro, I. (1998). Retos y perspectivas de la psicología latinoamericana. In A. Blanco (Ed.), Psicología de la liberación. Trotta.

Matuschek, H., Kliegl, R., Vasishth, S., Baayen, H., & Bates, D. (2017). Balancing type I error and power in linear mixed models. Journal of Memory and Language. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2017.01.001

Mbiti, J. S. (1970). African religions and philosophy. Anchor Books.

Mundlak, Y. (1978). On the pooling of time series and cross section data. Econometrica, 46, 69–85. https://doi.org/10.2307/1913646

Nalborczyk, L., Batailler, C., Loevenbruck, H., Vilain, A., & Burkner, P.-C. (2019, May). An introduction to Bayesian multilevel models using brms: A case study of gender effects on vowel variability in standard Indonesian. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.1044/2018_JSLHR-S-18-0006

Oberauer, K. (2022). The Importance of Random Slopes in Mixed Models for Bayesian Hypothesis Testing. Psychological Science. https://doi.org/doi:10.1177/09567976211046884

Oliver, M., & Tippett, K. (2015). Mary Oliver: “I got saved by the beauty of the world.” The On Being Project. https://onbeing.org/programs/mary-oliver-i-got-saved-by-the-beauty-of-the-world/

Pace, G. T., Lee, S. J., & Grogan-Kaylor, A. (2019). Spanking and young children’s socioemotional development in low- and middle-income countries. Child Abuse and Neglect, 88, 84–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.11.003

Poincare, H. (1908). Science et methode. Flammarion.

Proctor, R. N. (2012). The history of the discovery of the cigarette–lung cancer link: evidentiary traditions, corporate denial, global toll. Tobacco Control, 21(2), 87 LP–91. https://doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2011-050338

Rabe-Hesketh, S., & Skrondal, A. (2012). Multilevel and longitudinal modeling using Stata - Volume I: Continuous responses (p. 974). Stata Press.

Rabe-Hesketh, S., & Skrondal, A. (2022). Multilevel and longitudinal modeling using Stata (4th ed.). Stata Press.

Raudenbush, S. W., & Bryk, A. S. (2002). Hierarchical linear models: Applications and data analysis methods (pp. xxiv, 485 p.). Sage Publications.

Rich, A. (1984). Transcendental etude. In The fact of a doorframe: Poems selected and new 1950-1984. Norton.

Rothenberg, W. A., Ali, S., Rohner, R. P., Lansford, J. E., Britner, P. A., Giunta, L. D., Dodge, K. A., Malone, P. S., Oburu, P., Pastorelli, C., Skinner, A. T., Sorbring, E., Steinberg, L., Tapanya, S., Tirado, L. M. U., Yotanyamaneewong, S., Alampay, L. P., Al-Hassan, S. M., Bacchini, D., … Deater-Deckard, K. (2022). Effects of parental acceptance-rejection on children’s internalizing and externalizing behaviors: A longitudinal, multicultural study. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 31, 29–47. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-021-02072-5

Rubin, V. C. (1997). Bright galaxies, dark matters. In Bright galaxies, dark matters. American Institute of Physics.

Scharrer, E., & Ramasubramanian, S. (2021). Quantitative research methods in communication: The power of numbers for social justice. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003091653

Schielzeth, H., & Forstmeier, W. (2009). Conclusions beyond support: Overconfident estimates in mixed models. Behavioral Ecology, 20, 416–420. https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arn145

Schunck, R. (2013). Within and between estimates in random-effects models: Advantages and drawbacks of correlated random effects and hybrid models. The Stata Journal, 13, 65–76. https://doi.org/10.1177/1536867X1301300105

Shrader-Frechette, K. (2014). Tainted : How philosophy of science can expose bad science. Oxford University Press.

Simpson, E. H. (1951). The interpretation of interaction in contingency tables. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series B (Methodological), 13, 238–241. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2984065

Singer, J. D., & Willett, J. B. (2003). Applied longitudinal data analysis : Modeling change and event occurrence. In Applied longitudinal data analysis : modeling change and event occurrence. Oxford University Press.

Stage, F. K., & Wells, R. S. (2014). Critical quantitative inquiry in context. New Directions for Institutional Research, 2013, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1002/ir.20041

StataCorp. (2021a). Stata 17 longitudinal data/panel data reference manual. Stata Press.

StataCorp. (2021b). Stata statistical software: Release 17. StataCorp LLC.

Strevens, M. (2020). The knowledge machine: How irrationality created modern science. Liveright.

UNESCO. (1997). Aime Cesaire: The liberating power of words. UNESCO Courier.

UNICEF. (2014). Hidden in plain sign: A statistical analysis of violence against children (pp. 1–206). UNICEF.

UNICEF. (2021). Multiple indicator cluster surveys (MICS). UNICEF. https://mics.unicef.org/

United Nations. (2022). Sustainable development goals.

United Nations Development Program. (2022). Human Development Index (HDI). https://hdr.undp.org/data-center/human-development-index#/indicies/HDI

United Nations General Assembly. (1989). Convention on the rights of the child.

Waddington, H. S., Villar, P. F., & Valentine, J. C. (2022). Can non-randomised studies of interventions provide unbiased effect estimates? A systematic review of internal replication studies. Evaluation Review. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193841X221116721

Ward, K. P., Grogan-Kaylor, A. C., Ma, J., Pace, G., & Lee, S. J. (2023). Associations between 11 parental discipline behaviors and child outcomes across 60 countries. BMJ Open. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-058439

Ward, K. P., Grogan-Kaylor, A. C., Pace, G. T., Cuartas, J., & Lee, S. J. (2021). A Multilevel Ecological Analysis of the Predictors of Spanking Across 65 Countries. BMJ Open, 11(e046075). https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-046075

Ward, K. P., Grogan-Kaylor, A., Ma, J., Pace, G. T., & Lee, S. J. (2021). Associations between 11 parental discipline behaviors and child outcomes across 60 countries. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/f5t8x

Ward, K. P., Lee, S. J., Grogan-Kaylor, A. C., Ma, J., & Pace, G. T. (2022). Patterns of Caregiver Aggressive and Nonaggressive Discipline Toward Young Children in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Latent Class Approach. Child Abuse & Neglect, 128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105606

Watts, D. J. (2011). Everything is obvious: *Once you know the answer. Crown Business.

Whyte, D., & Tippett, K. (2016). David Whyte: Seeking language large enough. The On Being Project. https://onbeing.org/programs/david-whyte-seeking-language-large-enough/

Wiest, L. R., Higgins, H. J., & Frost, J. H. (2007). Quantitative literacy for social justice. Equity & Excellence in Education, 40, 47–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10665680601079894

Wooldridge, J. M. (2010). Econometric analysis of cross section and panel data. The MIT Press. http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt5hhcfr